職稱英語試題理工類復(fù)習(xí)模擬試題及答案

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2017年職稱英語試題理工類復(fù)習(xí)模擬試題及答案

　　Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities(手機增加交通行人死亡)

2017年職稱英語試題理工類復(fù)習(xí)模擬試題及答案

　　Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking on the phone while traveling, whether you're driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian deaths and those of drivers and passengers, and recommend crackdowns on cell1 use by both pedestrians and drivers。

　　手機在路上有多種多樣的危險。兩個新的研究表明，不管開車還是步行時打手機，都會增加行人、司機和乘客死亡的危險，所以該研究建議嚴(yán)厲限制行人和司機使用手機。

　　The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb2, relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones in use, showing that the current increase in deaths resulting from cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helped to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once the numbers of phones in use reached a "critical mass" 3 of 100 million, the study found.

　　這是一項第一作者為羅格斯大學(xué)紐瓦克分校的經(jīng)濟學(xué)教授Peter D. Loeb的新研究成果，它把手機的意外Ic命的影響和大量手機使用數(shù)量聯(lián)系起表明目前由于手機所引起的死亡數(shù)目有所增加，而在此之間的一段時間里，手機事實上能夠幫助降低行人和交通致命率。但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng) 手機使用人數(shù)達(dá)到1億這個臨界數(shù)量時，手機降低交通致命率的作用就消失了。

　　These studies looked at cell phone use and motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, and factored in4 a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and miles driven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true even when including factors such as speed, alcohol consumption, and seat belt use.

　　這些研究涉及到從1975年到2002年間的手機使用和機動車輛事故之間的關(guān)系，也涉及包括車速、酒精消耗、安全帶的使用和行駛的里數(shù)等其他方面。這些研究表明甚至當(dāng)考慮比如速度、酒精消耗和安全帶的使用這些因素時，二者之間的關(guān)聯(lián)也是真實存在的。

　　Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a "significant adverse effect on pedestrian safety" and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical threshold5 adds to motor vehicle fatalities." In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, cell phone use actually had a "life-saving effect" in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. "Cell-phone users' were able to quickly call for medical assistance when involved in an accident. This quick medical response actually reduced the number of traffic deaths for a time," Loeb hypothesizes.

　　在目前，Loeb和他的合者決定手機的使用“在行人安全上有嚴(yán)重的反作用”并且“手機的使用數(shù)量已經(jīng)超過了臨界數(shù)量也增加了機動車輛的致命性。”在20世紀(jì)80年代末和90年代的一段時間，在手機使用數(shù)量達(dá)到大爆炸之前，手機的使用確實在交通事故中起到過“保護生命的作用”。“當(dāng)發(fā)生交通意外時，手機使用者能夠快速地打電話尋求醫(yī)療幫助，這種快速的醫(yī)學(xué)求救反應(yīng)確實能在一定時間內(nèi)減少一定數(shù)量的事故死亡”，Loeb假設(shè)。

　　However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused a "life-taking effect" among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when there were fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, says Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probably were still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there weren't enough cell phones in use to make a difference in summoning help following an accident, he explains.

　　但是，在20世紀(jì)80年代當(dāng)手機開始被使用時并不是這樣，在那時手機在行人、司機和乘客間造成了 “致命的效果。”在早些日子里，那時有不到一百萬部手機，致命率增加了，Loeb說，因為司機和行人或許在那時還在適應(yīng)怎樣使用它們，還沒有足夠的手機能夠在事故中呼叫幫助，他解釋說。

　　The "life-saving effect" occurred as the volume of phones grew into the early 1990s, and increasing numbers of cells were used to call 911 following accidents, leading to a drop in fatalities, explains Loeb. But this life-saving effect was canceled out6 once the numbers of phones reached a "critical mass" of about 100 million and the "life-taking effect" - increased accidents and fatalities outweighed the benefits of quick access to 911 services, according to Loeb.

　　這“保護生命的效果”是在20世紀(jì)90年代當(dāng)大數(shù)量的手機被使用的時候出現(xiàn)的，越來越多的手機在事故之后撥打“911” .求助，這就降低了致命率，Loeb解釋說。但是一旦手機的使用量超過大約一億的“臨界數(shù)量”時，這種保護生命的效果就被抵消了，而且這種“致命的效果”——增加了事故和死亡——超過了能快速呼叫“911”服務(wù)的好處，根據(jù)Loeb所說。

　　Loeb and his co-authors used econometric models to analyze data from a number of government and private studies. He and his co-authors recommend that governments consider more aggressive policies to reduce cell phone use by both drivers and pedestrians, to reduce the number of fatalities.

　　Loeb和他的合著者們使用計量經(jīng)濟模式來分析從許多政府和私人研究中得來的數(shù)據(jù)。他和他的合著者們都推薦政府采取強制性措施來減少司機和行人的手機使用數(shù)量，來減少死亡事件的發(fā)生。

　　詞匯：

　　crackdown n.制裁，嚴(yán)懲 outweigh v.超過 fatality n.死亡者

　　econometric adj.計量經(jīng)濟的　　hypothesize v.假設(shè)，假定

　　注釋：

　　1. cell：cell phone 的縮寫。

　　2. The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb ...第一作者為羅格斯大學(xué)紐瓦克分校的經(jīng)濟學(xué)教授 Peter D. Loeb 的新研究成果……lead-author：第一作者;lead-authored 為動詞的過去分詞形式，具有被動意義。羅格斯大學(xué)紐瓦克分校是美國新澤西州最負(fù)盛名的文理學(xué)院。

　　3. critical mass：臨界數(shù)量。

　　4. factored in：包括，把……計算在內(nèi)。

　　5. a critical threshold：指的是前文所說的 critical mass。見注釋3。

　　6. was canceled out：被抵消。練習(xí)：

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D. Loeb

　　A show that talking on the phone while driving or walking in the street increases deaths of drivers and pedestrians.

　　B show that talking on the phone while driving increases pedestrian deaths.

　　C recommend that strict measures be taken to restrain cell phone use.

　　D both A and C.

　　2. According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities?

　　A Right after cell phones were invented.

　　B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass

　　C When cell phone users totaled to a certain number.

　　D When the number of cell phones decreased to a certain number.

　　3. What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4?

　　A The number of cell phones in use exploded in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s.

　　B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use.

　　C Cell phone users are likely to be involved in traffic accidents.

　　D The use of cell phones has a life-saving effect for pedestrians and drivers.

　　4. What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5?

　　A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then.

　　B The increased use of cell phones then caused a "life-taking effect."

　　C Traffic fatalities increased then because the number of cell phones in use decreased.

　　D Traffic fatalities decreased then because the number of cell phones in use increased.

　　5. Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question "What caused the "life-saving effect" to occur in the early 1990s?"

　　A There were more cell phone users during that period.

　　B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.

　　C More cell phones were used to call 911 when accidents occurred.

　　D Cell phones enabled people to have quick access to 911 services.

　　答案與題解：

　　1. D 根據(jù)短文第一段的內(nèi)容，Loeb 教授的最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，開車或行路時打手機使司機和行路人的死亡率上升，并建議采取嚴(yán)厲措施限制司機和行路人使用手機。B 是錯誤理解，因為只有行路人被提到。

　　2. B 短文第二段最后兩個句子提供了答案：在手機使用者達(dá)到 1 億的臨界點之前，手機的使用的確減少了交通事故的死亡率。A、C 和 D 的表述內(nèi)容都沒有在文章中提到。

　　3. B A 是錯誤選擇，因為該段的第四個句子 In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, ...表明。手機數(shù)量在 80 年代末期和 90 年代早期還未激增。C 的表述內(nèi)容沒有在文章中提到。句子…cell phone use actually had a “life-saving effect”用的是過去式，說的是發(fā)生在 80 年代末期和 90 年代早期的事情，而 D 句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時，表示通常的狀況，所以是錯誤的選擇。

　　4. A第五段的大概意思是，80 年代中期，交通事故的死亡率增加，因為人們還在適應(yīng)這一新事物，沒有足夠的手機讓人們在發(fā)生交通事故時及時求救。該段沒有討論 80 年代中期手機數(shù)量的增減問題，所以 B、C 和 D 都是錯誤選擇。

　　5. B第六段最后一個句子說，當(dāng)手機使用者數(shù)量達(dá)到 100 萬時，life-saving effect 就被抵消了，life-saving effect 超過了手機使用者能迅速呼叫 911 服務(wù)的優(yōu)點。所以，B 不是問題的答案。其他選項都表述了該段的內(nèi)容。

　　The Worker's Role in Management

　　Traditionally, it has been the worker's role to worker and management's role to mange. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operation with little thought consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the worker's opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor-they have a vital stake in the company and many be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?

　　Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.) Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. At least 90 day's notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will keep the plant operating.

　　It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policymaking groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvement, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.

　　1. Traditional workers showed no interest in management.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　2. In recent years many management specialists have been arguing for the worker's role in management with two major reasons.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　3. Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm, workers should not be informed of them.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　4. Before closing, a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　5. The workers' participation in management might save a plant from closing down.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　6. One of the advantages of involving workers in making a decision is that the interpersonal relationship between workers and managers can be improved.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　7. An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares of his plant.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. No mentioned

　　Key: CABBACB

　　An Observation and Explanation

　　It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. The usual fondling, cuddling and cleaning requite little comment, but the position in which she holds the baby against her body when resting is rather revealing. Careful studies have shown the fact that 80 per cent of mothers hold their infants in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies. If asked to explain the significance of this preference most people reply that it is obviously the result of the predominance of right-handedness in the population. By holding the babies in their left arms, the mothers keep their dominant arm free for manipulations. But a detailed analysis shows that this is not the case. True, there is a slight difference between right-handed and left-handed females; but not enough to provide an adequate explanation. It emerges that 83 per cent of right-handed mothers hold the baby on the left side, but so do 78 per cent of left-handed mothers. In other words, only 22 per cent of the left-handed mothers have their dominant hands free for actions. Clearly there must be some other, less obvious explanation.

　　The only other clue comes from the fact that the heart is on the left side of the mother's body. Could it be that the sound of her heart-beat is the vital factor? And in what way? Thinking along these lines it was argued that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother the unborn baby gets used to the sound of the heart beat. If this is so, then the re-discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been born into a strange and frighteningly new world. If this is so then the mother would, somehow, soon arrive at the discovery that her baby is more at peace if held on the left against her heart, than on the right.

　　1. We can learn a lot by observing the position in which a mother holds her baby against her body