導(dǎo)讀：對越來越多的中國大學(xué)生而言，寫完畢業(yè)論文容易，寫好參考文獻(xiàn)不易，reference與bibliography到底有何不同，參考文獻(xiàn)都應(yīng)遵照哪些格式，一起且寫且珍惜!
Wang Lei has already finished his dissertation weeks before the deadline in late May, but the 21-year-old student at Beijing Information Science and Technology University feels no relief as histhesis still needs to pass the plagiarism test.
21歲的王磊(音)是北京信息科技大學(xué)的學(xué)生，他們學(xué)校提交畢業(yè)學(xué)位論文的截止日期在五月下旬。雖然很早就完成了論文，但是他仍然很緊張，因為論文還需要通過相似性檢測。
“I used a lot of material, but I forgot the sources, so I’m afraid I won’t pass,” he says.
他說：“我借鑒了太多材料，已經(jīng)不記得出處了，所以我很擔(dān)心自己的論文不能通過檢測。”
Many of Wang’s peers share the same concerns. They write their theses without referencing the sources they use. As a result, when the test results come out, they have to rewrite part of their theses. In order to avoid such a situation, scholars suggest students familiarize themselves withcitation and referencing styles, and start taking notes of their sources at an early stage.
無獨有偶，很多大學(xué)生都為此而困擾。因為他們在寫論文時沒有列出所有使用文獻(xiàn)的出處，于是，相似性結(jié)果出來后，他們又得重寫論文的某些部分。為了避免這種情況，一些學(xué)者建議大學(xué)生們應(yīng)熟悉引用書目與參考文獻(xiàn)的規(guī)范，在寫論文伊始就記錄好文獻(xiàn)出處。
Important differences
舉足輕重的不同之處
Yu Zhejun, a lecturer of philosophy at Fudan University, used to offer thesis-writing lectures to students in his department. As he observed, many students know very little about referencing styles.
于哲君(音)是復(fù)旦大學(xué)歷史系的講師，曾會為他們學(xué)院的學(xué)生講授論文寫作。正如他所見，很多學(xué)生都對參考書目的書寫規(guī)范不甚了解。
“The papers they submit often include several styles of referencing,” he says. “Often they can’t even tell the difference between references and the bibliography.”
他說：“學(xué)生交上來的論文往往夾雜著好幾種參考文獻(xiàn)的格式，他們經(jīng)常連引用書目與參考文獻(xiàn)都分不清。”
As Yu explains, the bibliography is the complete list of material consulted for the thesis, while the references explain the exact source and location of the material cited in the paper. There are two major styles of referencing that are commonly used in dissertations, namely Chicago style and Harvard style. (see below)
正如于老師的解釋，參考文獻(xiàn)一般是寫論文中所有參考到的文獻(xiàn)，而引用書目則是論文中引用的準(zhǔn)確出處以及引用文字在原文獻(xiàn)中的位置(頁碼)。一般而言，學(xué)位論文的引用書目有兩種格式，一種是芝加哥格式，一種是哈佛格式(詳見下文)。
“As soon as you start reading for your dissertation, it is crucial to make detailed notes of what you’ve read and its sources,” he says. Since anything students read could become part of theirthesis, having such detailed notes will avoid plagiarism in the writing phase.
他還說，“你一旦開始為寫論文閱讀文獻(xiàn)，就需要詳細(xì)記錄所有看過的文獻(xiàn)及其出處，這很重要。”因為學(xué)生讀過的任何內(nèi)容都有可能會成為其論文一部分，做詳細(xì)的記錄將避免他們在寫作環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)抄襲的困擾。
Focus on research
專注于研究
When it comes to writing a dissertation, Zhang Jin, professor of history at Nanjing Normal University, says many students struggle with citations.
來自南京師范大學(xué)的張金教授(音)說，對于許多學(xué)生而言，只要一寫論文，就會因為引用書目而苦苦糾結(jié)。
One of the most frequent mistakes they make is giving indirect sources. “They cite something that quotes the same thing from another source,” he says. “In such cases, the right procedure is to find the original source and reference it.”
在他看來，最常見的問題就是“二次引用”，“他們會引用其他文獻(xiàn)中引用的內(nèi)容。而在這種情況下，找到原出處并引用原文才是正確之道。”
Another major mistake students often make is being disrespectful of originality. For example, if they find an idea useful, they don’t bother to find out who suggested it, but simply refer to the material in which they read about it, according to Zhang.
而不尊重原創(chuàng)性則是學(xué)生常犯的另一個主要錯誤。比如，如果學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個可用的觀點，他們會不管這一觀點究竟出自何人之口，就只是列出他看到出現(xiàn)過這一觀點的文獻(xiàn)。
Such details are what matter the most in undergraduate dissertations, he says. “We don’t expect students to submit papers with great ideas. Instead, they should learn how to write papers and conduct research properly,” he says. Zhang believes that, ultimately, writing a thesis is research training for college students.
張教授還說，“這些細(xì)節(jié)性問題在本科畢業(yè)論文中最多。我們并不指望學(xué)生們的論文闡述了多少偉大的觀點，相反，我們希望他們能學(xué)會如何正確地寫論文、做研究。”他認(rèn)為，說到底，寫論文正是對大學(xué)生科研能力的一種鍛煉。
Choose a style and stick to it
選擇一種格式，并應(yīng)用到底
Chicago style: It is a method of citation commonly used in the art field. Students can find a quick guide to this style at www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.
芝加哥格式：該格式一般用于文科領(lǐng)域的論文引用�？蓞⒖季W(wǎng)頁：www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.
Harvard style: It is a widely used referencing system. According to Yu Zhejun, a lecturer of philosophy at Fudan University, in China this system is more commonly used by science students.
哈佛格式：該格式廣泛使用于論文引用。根據(jù)復(fù)旦大學(xué)講師于哲君的說法，國內(nèi)的理科生大多采用這種格式。
Other material: Students can find advice on references and citations in Introduction to the Study of Chinese Ancient History, a book by Rong Xinjiang, professor of history at Peking University.
其他文獻(xiàn)：更多關(guān)于參考文獻(xiàn)與引用的建議，同學(xué)們可以參考北京大學(xué)歷史系教授榮新江的著作《中國古代史研究入門》。